Hydrogen Bath Studies and Research

Hydrogen Bath Water Studies

Note: Only studies showing positive, clinically significant outcomes were reviewed.

• Heat-retention effects of hydrogen-rich water bath assessed by thermography for humans
  • https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306456520305763
  • twenty-four healthy subjects at the age of 24– to-58 years old participated
  • Hydrogen-rich water bath was prepared by electrolyzing in normal water bath for 30 or 120 min
  • The twenty-four subjects took a hydrogen-rich water bath or a normal water bath for 10 min at 41 ◦C, both of which were separately executed at an interval longer than seven days. In each bathing, the subject was immersed in warm water up to the neck for 10 min after preparing the hydrogen-rich water bath by 30-min or 120-min electrolysis of warm water in a bathtub.
  • Upon 30- and 60-min post-bathing, the entire body surface temperatures were significantly higher in hydrogen-rich water bath of 30-min and 120-min electrolysis than those in normal water bath. The thermal elevation on entire body surfaces was 0.65 ◦C in the hydrogen-rich water bath for 30-min electrolysis and 0.90 ◦C in the hydrogen-rich water bath for 120-min electrolysis, but that was 0.12 ◦C in normal water bath for 60-min post-bathing
  • hydrogen-rich water bath brought about the heat-retention being more marked than those of normal water bath for several body-parts in the order as follows: abdomen > upper legs > arms > hands > feet, for 30- and 60-min post-bathing
  • The thermal elevations on head were 0.47 and 0.57 ◦C in the hydrogen-rich water bath of 30-min electrolysis, and 0.08 and 0.46 ◦C in the hydrogen-rich water bath of 120-min electrolysis, but those were 04 and 0.09 ◦C in normal water bath for 30- and 60-min post-bathing
  • Upon 30- and 60-min post-bathing as compared with pre-bathing, the capillary thickness of 16 subjects increased by 1.03 and 1.12 μm in the hydrogen-rich water bath of 30-min electrolysis, and 1.93 and 1.03 μm in the hydrogen-rich water bath of 120-min electrolysis, indicating that the increases in capillary thickness were statistically significant, and corresponded to the thickness as large as 14.7–27.6% of the entire capillary thickness. In contrast, increases in capillary thickness were 0.14 and 59 in normal water bath, suggesting that warm-retention of the body might be executed not by the merely bathing-based transient elevation of the body temperature, but by hydrogen-based persistence of blood stream and circulation even at 30-60-min post-bathing.
  • Case Report: Acute hydrotherapy with super-saturated hydrogen-rich water for ankle sprain in a professional athlete
    • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7194471/
    • 29 year old male Caucasian professional football athlete who suffered a sport-related ankle sprain in April 2019. The injury occurred during a regular exercise session on artificial turf as an inversion sprain accompanied by plantar flexion.
    • Hydrotherapy with super-saturated hydrogen-rich water was used as an exclusive treatment (besides rest) with the main aim to reduce symptoms and signs of acute ankle sprain, and it was hoped to speed up the acute recovery. Super-saturated hydrogen-rich water was produced by putting a magnesium-producing formulation (10 g) into a 3-L stationary whirlpool with tap water of neutral temperature (20°C).
    • Throughout the 24 hours after the ankle sprain, the participant received six 30-min ankle baths (e.g. one hydrotherapy every 4 hours), with the first session given immediately after an initial examination (~ 60 min after the injury). During each session, the foot and ankle of injured leg were immersed in a stationary whirlpool. All hydrotherapies were formulated and supervised by a health care professional.
    • At the 24-h follow-up examination, visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain dropped to 20 points (mild pain), with ankle circumference decreased to 54.9 cm; weight-bearing lunge test (WBLT) improved to 55.0 mm. The patient reported no side effects of hydrogen intervention (e.g. pain, cramps, tingling, discoloration of skin, burning, itching, rash), as evaluated with open-ended questionnaire administered at the end of each session of hydrotherapy, and at 24-h follow-up.
  • The Effects of Supersaturated Hydrogen-Rich Water Bathing on Biomarkers of Muscular Damage and Soreness Perception in Young Men Subjected to High-Intensity Eccentric Exercise
    • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33123594/
    • Six apparently healthy and active young men (age 24 ± 4 years, weight 80.2 ± 8.7 kg, and height 179.1 ± 8.8 cm) volunteered to participate in this study.
    • The volunteers were allocated in a double-blind crossover design to receive a single-session bath with a highly saturated HRW or control solution (tap water), with each immersion intervention administered after delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)-inducing exercise. The DOMS-inducing exercise included 5 × 10 eccentric bilateral leg press contractions (120% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM) load) followed by 2 × 10 eccentric bilateral leg press contractions (100% of 1-RM load), with a contraction lasts for 3–5 s, and a subject completed one contraction every 15 s while keeping 3-min rest period between sets.
    • Immediately after completing an exercise bout, the participants were exposed to whole-body immersion. A bathtub solution was produced by dissolving effervescent magnesium-magnesium malate tablets (HRW bath) or nonhydrogen-producing magnesium tablets (control bath) into a 200 L bathtub with tap water, to allow for a whole-body immersion. The bathtub water was thermoneutral (28 degrees Centigrade), and participants were immersed up to the neck and required to sit still in a bathtub for 30 min.
    • One participant disclosed a localized burning sensation in the skin during the HRW bath when a semidissolved tablet touched the skin, yet this feeling has been described as mild and fleeting.
    • Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference between two groups in serum CK response over the time of intervention (P=0.04). Creatine kinase (U/L), HRW: 357, Control: 465.
    • A single-session bathing in HRW prevented an increase in circulating biomarkers of exercise-induced muscular damage at 24-hour follow-up, retaining the levels of all biomarkers similar to the baseline values (P > 0.05). On the other hand, serum CK, aldolase, and Aspartate transaminase were significantly elevated at 24-hour follow-up as compared to the baseline levels after the control bath (P < 0.05). In addition, it appears that high-intensity eccentric exercise significantly increased VAS scores from the baseline to postexercise in both groups (P < 0.05). However, HRW bath induced a significantly superior reduction in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores for muscular soreness in comparison with control intervention, both immediately after bathing (32.7 ± 8.6% vs. 20.0 ± 12.8%; P=0.02) and at 24-hour follow-up (31.6 ± 24.3% vs. 22.4 ± 27.5%; P=0.03), respectively.
  • Effects of hydrogen-rich water bath on visceral fat and skin blotch, with boiling-resistant hydrogen bubbles
    • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31249254/
    • The subjects were two men and two women, aged 48, 43, 42, and 41 years.
    • Premium SPA type PSP0001 (Sanyu Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was used to generate hydrogen bubbles through the equipped electrode into the bathtub filled with 180–200 L of tap water. A washbowl, for facial treatment, was also supplied with hydrogen bubbles.
    • Blotch-control facial cleansing
      • The subject was a 43-year-old man with wide-ranging spots on his left cheek. The bump of the spots was neither outstanding nor left-right symmetrical. Because the spots were near the cheekbones, they were presumed to be senile pigment spots. The subject immersed his left cheek in warm (40°C) hydrogen-rich water for 15 minutes three times a week for 7 months using the facial washbowl. Additionally, he immersed his left cheek in room-temperature hydrogen-rich water for 10 minutes once a week.
      • After hydrogen immersion for 7 months and 8 days, the longstanding (25 years), wide-ranging, and irregularly shaped spots became smaller and thinner. The lower region of the blotch range almost disappeared.
    • Decreasing blotches on the legs
      • The subject was a 41-year-old woman with many wide-ranging mottled stains on the left lower leg. She immersed her left leg in warm (41°C) hydrogen-rich water bath for 10 minutes once a day for 1 month.
      • After immersing in hydrogen-rich water bath once a day for 1 month, the spots decreased and the densely brownish color became lighter.
    • Skin improvement
      • The subject was a 48-year-old woman with dotted spots on the right hand. Furthermore, the skin of the subject was always dry and she had pimples on the back and on the breast for many years. She immersed her body in warm (41°C) hydrogen-rich water bath for 10 minutes once a day for 1 month.
      • After 1 month, the dense colored spots became lighter, concurrently with moisturized feeling, texture adjustment, and transparent appearance. Furthermore, the pimples on the back and on the breast disappeared considerably and the redness diminished.
    • Improvement of visceral fat
      • The subjects were a 48-year-old man and 41- and 42-year-old women with excessive weight gain and large waist size. They immersed their body in warm (41°C) hydrogen-rich water bath for 10 minutes once a day for 3 months. The subjects underwent specific health checkups at a hospital before the test and after the 3-month test. The visceral fat was examined using ultrasonic resonance-based DualScan (Omron Healthcare Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan).
      • Before the test, two transverse wrinkles and four radial wrinkles around the navel and abdominal bulge near the belt were observed. One month after starting the test, the abdominal circumference decreased from 79 to 74 cm and the abdominal wrinkles disappeared. After 3 months of hydrogen-rich water immersion, the visceral fat area decreased from 47 to 36 cm2 and the belly of the subjects who were originally slender became firmer. After a month of hydrogen-rich water bathing, the abdominal circumference decreased from 91 to 82 cm. The visceral fat areas of subjects 1 and 3 decreased after 3 months and the belly of subjects became firmer.
    • Improvement of cholesterol and glucose metabolism
      • The subject was a 41-year-old woman. She immersed her body in warm (41°C) hydrogen-rich water bath for 10 minutes once a day for 6 months. The subject underwent specific health checkups at a hospital before the test and after the 3- and 6-month tests. Blood biochemical test was done to examine high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting blood glucose.
      • Results of the blood biochemical test revealed that the low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level decreased markedly after 6 months and that the fasting blood glucose level also improved.
    • Electrolytically generated hydrogen warm water cleanses the keratin-plug-clogged hair-pores and promotes the capillary blood-streams, more markedly than normal warm water does
      • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5937298/
      • Electrolytically hydrogen warm water was prepared using the electrolysis device, Spahare (Flax Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan). In the apparatus, the gaseous hydrogen was produced by the electrolysis of warm water in a bathtub. The warm water without electrolysis was applied as normal warm tap water for the control.
      • Promoting of fingertip-capillary blood streams by hydrogen warm water was assessed on subjects with comparing oral administration and immersed-hand-mediated administration of hydrogen warm water. Two females at the ages of 51 and 43 years in normal good health state with their informed consents were enrolled in these tests. At first, subjects drank hydrogen warm water of 350 mL at 40°C for 10 minutes as an oral administration test. Then, subjects immersed their hands into hydrogen warm water of 15 L at 40°C for 10 minutes as an immersed-hand-mediated administration test, and capillary blood streams on fingertip were assessed in the same way as mentioned above.
      • Skin moisture improvement on several skin loci such as cheek, neck, upper arm inside part, elbow, lower arm inside part, and back of hand by hydrogen warm water bathing was assessed on subjects. Two females at the age of 18 and 43 years in normal good health state with their informed consents were enrolled in these tests. At first, subjects took a bath filled with hydrogen warm water of 180 L for 10 minutes at 40°C. In bathing, their faces were covered with a hydrogen warm water-dampened towel, and the towel was exchanged every minute to keep the skin wet.
      • After 30 minutes from termination of 10-minute immersion in hydrogen warm water, capillary blood streams obviously increased on every observed point of the ring fingertip with compared to before immersion. On the contrary, normal warm water did not exhibit any increase in capillary blood streams in the same points, because of post-bathing getting-cold.
      • The promotion of blood streams was markedly caused by immersed-hand-mediated-administration of hydrogen warm water, the blood flow level (%) gradually decreased initially, and then increased to about 120% at 60 minutes
      • After hydrogen warm water bathing, area of cleansed keratin plugs (% of the control) in cheek of 36 years old female increased about 1.3-fold as much as the control. And number of cleansed keratin plugs also increased 2.30- and 4.47-fold as many as the control on cheek of female at the age of 36 years and male at the age of 40 years, respectively, similar on nostrils
    • Positive effects of hydrogen-water bathing in patients of psoriasis and parapsoriasis en plaques
      • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5966409/
      • Psoriasis: In all, 41 psoriasis patients were assigned to treatment with hydrogen-water bathing therapy and 34 patients were assigned to the control group.
      • Response was evident after 8-week bathing therapy. The mean Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score and median visual analog scale (VAS) score of the hydrogen-water bathing group at week 8 was 5.8 and 0 respectively, significantly lower than the baseline scores (P = 7.08 × 10−6; P = 2.42 × 10−5).
      • After 8 weeks of therapy, patients treated with hydrogen-water bathing showed significantly greater improvement than those who were of the control group as evaluated by both PASI and VAS.
      • Of patients, 24.4% receiving hydrogen-water bathing achieved the end point of at least 75% improvement in PASI score compared with 2.9% of patients of the control group (Pc = 0.022, OR = 0.094, 95%CI = [0.011, 0.777]). Of patients, 56.1% who received bathing achieved at least 50% improvement in PASI compared with only 17.7% of the control group (P = 0.001, OR = 0.168, 95%CI = [0.057, 0.492]). Hydrogen-water bathing treatment also resulted in substantial improvement in pruritus as measured by VAS. The median change from baseline to week 8 in the bathing group was −2, compared with a median change of 0 in the control group (P = 3.94 × 10−4).
      • Psoriasis en plaques: Six patients were included: 1 man and 5 women, with mean age of 32.8 ± 4.9 (range: 25–40) years and mean course duration of 34.4 ± 31.1 (range: 12–96) months. Four patients were categorized as large plaque parapsoriasis (LPP) and two as small plaque parapsoriasis (SPP).
      • In all patients, an improvement in the morphology or distribution of lesions had occurred. Complete response was observed in 33.3% of patients (2/6), partial response in 66.7% (4/6).
    • The balneotherapy effect of hydrogen reduced water on UVB-mediated skin injury in hairless mice
      • https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13273-013-0003-6
      • Hydrogen reduced water (HRW) was generated from electrolyzing apparatus. Six-week old male SKH-1 hairless mice were randomly assigned to four groups: tap water (TW)-bathing group bathed with tap water after UV treatment (control, n=12), alkaline reduced water (ARW)-bathing group bathed in ARW after UV treatment (n=12), w-HRW-bathing group bathed with weak HRW after UV treatment and s-HRW-bathing group bathed in strong HRW after UV treatment. Mice of the bathing group are allowed to freely swim on HRW, and let the HRW penetrate for 60 mins.
      • We found that HRW-bathing ameliorates the UVB-induced skin damage through enhancing endogenous enzyme activity, and influencing cytokine production.
      • Skin injury scores of group bathed with HRW showed significantly lower (P⁄0.05) compared to the tap water and ARW bathing groups (Figure 1). The degree of damage revealed this following pattern from least damaged to severe injured skin: s-HRW-bathing group<w-HRW-bathing group<ARW bathing group<TW-bathing group.
      • The number of lymphocyte of s-HRW bathing group significantly increased (P⁄0.05), while that of basophil of HRW-bathing groups were significantly decreased [s-HRW (P⁄0.01), w-HRW (P⁄0.001)] compared to the TW and ARW bathing groups.
      • H2O2 scavenging capacity in plasma was measured by the principles of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity decomposing H2O2 induced by UVB exposure. GPx activity of both HRW-bathing groups namely s-HRW and w-HRW showed higher than that of TW and ARW-bathing groups although the result showed statistically insignificant.
      • HRW-bathing groups (s-HRW and w-HRW) showed significantly low level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, and TNF-α) compared to the TW and ARW bathing groups.
      • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the dorsal skin surface revealed higher number of defective corneocytes on TW-bathing group compared to the HRW bathing groups
    • Atomic Hydrogen Surrounded by Water Molecules, H(H2O)m, Modulates Basal and UV-Induced Gene Expressions in Human Skin In Vivo
      • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3634861/
      • To investigate the effects of H(H2O)m treatment on UV-induced skin damage in human skin in vivo, eleven young Koreans (mean age, 31.8 yr; age range, 24–47 yr), were irradiated by UV (1.5 MED). Minimal erythema dose (MED) for each subject was determined 24 hr after irradiation of the buttock skin. MED ranged between 70 and 90 mJ/cm2 for the skin of Koreans. The buttock skin was irradiated with UV and subsequently, treated with H(H2O)m for 2 hr.
        • Erythema-index measurements showed that H(H2O)m decreased UV-induced erythema by 22.8±5.8%, compared with control skin. However, we found that UV-induced erythema was not significantly changed by 30 min or 1 hr treatment of H(H2O)m (data not shown). These data indicate that H(H2O)m has an anti-inflammatory effect against UV-induced sunburn response in human skin. Then, we investigated the effect of H(H2O)m on UV-induced DNA damage in human skin in vivo. The buttocks of young subjects were irradiated with UV (1.5MED), and then treated with H(H2O)m for 2 hr. Twenty-four hours after UV irradiation, we observed UV irradiation of human skin induces DNA damage such as thymidine dimer formation, as shown in figure 1C. Interestingly, local application of H(H2O)m significantly decreased UV-induced thymidine dimers formation by 56.7±11.8% compared with UV-irradiated skin
        • H(H2O)m prevented UV-induced expressions of MMP-1, COX-2, IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA significantly by 58.9±8.1, 36.1±7.6, 35.4±17.1 and 23.7±9.2%, respectively, compared with UV-irradiated skin.
      • To investigate the effects of H(H2O)m on intrinsically aged skin, buttock skin of the elderly subjects (seven Koreans; mean age, 73.1 yr; age range, 65–81 yr) were treated with H(H2O)m for 2 hr.
        • H(H2O)m reduced the constitutive expressions of MMP-1, IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA, significantly
      • To evaluate the effects of H(H2O)m on the photoaged skin, photoaged facial skin (crow's feet area) of the elderly subjects (ten Koreans; mean age, 54.1 yr; age range, 45–62 yr) was topically treated with H(H2O)m for 30 min a day for sequential four days. For control treatment, the other side of each photoaged facial skin of the volunteers was treated with only a fan.
        • Similar to data on intrinsic aging, MMP-1 and IL-6 mRNA levels were significantly decreased by 52.3±10.2 and 27.8±12.7%, respectively, by H(H2O)m
      • Histological study on the effect of electrolyzed reduced water-bathing on UVB radiation-induced skin injury in hairless mice
        • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22040878/
        • Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) was obtained from electrolyzing apparatus (WYD35RY1, Ionia Inc., Korea). Electrolyzing apparatus equipped with a cathode platinum-coated titanium electrode (0.90.1 A, 1—2 l/min at 2 kgf/min) produced ERW by following process: physical filtering of tap water, electrolysis and collecting ERW. ERW was adjusted to pH 10.270.3 and oxidativereduction potential (ORP) We used tap water (TW) for control group and it was pH 7.270.3, ORP +81720mV.
        • Male hairless mice (6 weeks old, body weight 302 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n 11, respectively): normal group with no treatment, UV-control group treated with UVB only, TW-bathing control group bathed in tap water after UV treatment and ERW-bathing group bathed in ERW after UV treatment.
        • The next day after the last UVB-irradiation, back skin injury scores showed significant difference between experimental groups: UV control group<ERW-bathing group<TW bathing group. On the third day, ERW bathing group showed the lowest score compared to the other groups.
        • The number of total WBC, neutrophils, and monocytes in the ERW-bathing group tends to decrease compared to TW-bathing group, while that of lymphocyte slightly increased.
        • Overall serum levels of IL-12p70, INF-g , IL-6, and IL-10 in bathing groups were higher than those of non-bathing groups. Of non-bathing groups, serum level of IL-1b , INF-g , TNF-a , and IL-6 in UVB control group were higher than that of normal unbathed mice. Comparing cytokine levels between bathing groups, ERWbathing group showed lower level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1b , TNF-a , and IL-12p70) as well as higher level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) than TW-bathing group.
        • Dorsal skin of UV-control group showed excessive epidermis thickness accompanied by hyperplasia of stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum, severe inflammatory cell infiltration in dermis layer compared to the other groups. ERW-bathing group showed relatively decreased inflammatory cell infiltration compared to TW-bathing group.
        • The number of mast cell in dermis as well as the degree of degranulation in ERW-bathing group show a significantly decreased compared to both the UV-control group and TW-bathing group
      • Supersaturated Hydrogen-Rich Water Hydrotherapy for Recovery of Acute Injury to the Proximal Phalanges on the 5th Toe: A Case Report
        • https://www.josam.org/josam/article/view/57
        • The case of a 35-year-old Caucasian male who suffered a sport-related injury while kickboxing, resulting in a potential fracture of the proximal phalanges on the 5th toe of his right foot, is the subject of this report.
        • At initial assessment 2 hours following injury, the 5th toe of the left foot was significantly swollen and bruised. The patient reported high pain, inability to bend the toe in question, and inability to bear weight on the toe in question. The patient reported increased, sharp, acute pain when the injured location was touched, specifically on the outside of the injured toe.
        • Super-saturated hydrogen-rich water was produced by adding eight magnesium-based tablets into a 4L tub every 5 minutes for a total of 40 tablets utilized across 25 minutes. The starting water temperature utilized was within the standard room temperature range (25C); however, the exothermic nature of the reaction altered the water temperature, which was 30.1C at the end of the 25-minute session where measurements were obtained.
        • During each session the entire foot was submerged, up to the ankle, in a bucket designed for foot baths. The water was still, receiving no turbulence or jetting. The participant elevated the foot in water just above the hydrogen tablets as they reacted, further allowing the gas production to come into direct contact with the injured toe.
        • At the 7-day follow-up, the participant reported significantly lower pain, full range of motion in the toe, ability to bear weight, and visual signs of swelling and bruising dramatically reduced. The participant did note that pain was still present, particularly when the outside of the toe experienced external force. The participant did not report any side effects from the hydrogen-rich hydrotherapy intervention.
      • Hydrogen-rich bath with nano-sized bubbles improves antioxidant capacity based on oxygen radical absorbing and inflammation levels in human serum
        • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8690854/
        • The nano-sized bubbles which contain gaseous hydrogen were produced via the electrolysis of warm (40°C) water of 200 L poured into a bathtub. The bath water was electrolyzed for 60 minutes, immediately followed by 10-minute bathing.
        • Six healthy volunteers were randomly divided into two groups according to a level of the case report: the control group (n = 3, regular tap water bath, 40°C, 10-minute bathing) and the HW group (n = 3, hydrogen-rich water bath, 40°C, 10-minute bathing). Each group contained two males and one female, aged 40–70 years old. All six subjects did not have any chronic diseases nor did they take specified antioxidant nourishment and exercise excessively, for 5 days before and during the examination.
          • In the control group, three subjects exhibited a slight change in their ORAC after taking a normal water bath. In contrast, the ORAC of the three subjects in the HW group increased rapidly after taking a 10-minute HW bath and the increase was significant at 30 and 60 minutes comparing with the value before HW bath. The results continued to increasein the subject who took the 60-minute HW bath and two subjects who took the HW bath for more than 120 minutes
          • At 0 to 120 minutes after they took a bath, the CRP level of the HW group was lower than that of the control group
        • In order to examine the medium-term effect of hydrogen-rich water bath, three females with connective tissue disease, one (60 years old) with collagen disease and one (60 years old) diagnosed according to the 2012 Provisional Classification Criteria for Polymyalgia Rheumatica26 were included in this study. In order to examine the medium-term effect of hydrogen-rich water bath, they were asked to take a 10-minute HW bath every day for 9 days. Diverse durations of 9 days to 4 months were determined by respecting their desire of the HW bath-using periods with reference to improved CRP values.
          • Serum samples from three patients with connective tissue disease were obtained before and after the examination period for 9 days to 4 months. Among the three subjects, the CRP rate before and after the bathing examination period decreased to 24%, 34%, and 3%, respectively.
        • In examining the long-term effects of the hydrogen-rich water bath, six subjects were included: (1) 68-year-old male suffering from acute aortic dissection and enema; (2) 42-year-old female suffering from bladder cancer and pyelonephritis; (3) 60-year-old female suffering from collagen disease and dermatomyositis; (4) 60-year-old female suffering from rheumatic polymyalgia; (5) 73-year-old female suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and left shoulder clavicle fracture; and (6) 54-year-old female suffering from polymyalgia rheumatica. In addition, two subjects (subjects 1 and 3) had their inflammatory skin conditions photographically checked. They were asked to take the HW bath for 10 minutes once every day, and the periods were voluntary for each patient with reference to improved CRP values.
          • All six subjects had CRP values more than the standard value (0.30 mg/dL) before the examination period for hydrogen-rich warm water bathing; however, after the examination their CRP values dropped down to below the standard values. Thus, the beneficial effects of HW bath on CRP repression were recognized among the six patients, although conventional therapeutic treatments other than HW bath could not be avoided or suspended because of diverse refractory diseases seriously affecting the safety of the patients. Thus, the pre-bathing CRP values with an average of 5.31 (0.44–14.4) mg/dL were diminished to an average of 0.24 (0.13–0.45) mg/dL, which is within the standard values (below 0.30 mg/dL), even for an average of 59.5 (42–73)-year-old patients with diverse autoimmune-related diseases.
          • The long-term effects of hydrogen-rich water bath on the appearances of the skin of persons with disease were also photographically observed. After hydrogen bath examination for 4 months, the prominent inflammation regions on the back of both hands of the subject suffering from collagen disease and dermatomyositis were reduced, and internal hemorrhage was improved, without applying any ointment. Before HW bathing, he exhibited inflammatory skin symptoms such as swelling and reddish-coloring flushing around the abdomen stoma. However, after taking a hydrogen bath daily, soaking the feet in HW, and applying hydrogen warm water represses on the skin surrounding the stoma for approximately 1 year, 5 months, and 23 days, the inflammatory symptoms were reduced without applying any ointment.
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